Lawn Seed Spreader, Precision Garden Seeder, Handheld Seeding Machine, Corn Cotton Soybean Peanut Planter, Planting Depth 3.5-7.8 cm,7 Mouths : . Feel free to use and share this content, but please do so under the conditions of our, Soybean Planting Rate, Row Spacing Recommendations Updated, https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/news/newsreleases/2021/april-19-2021/soybean-planting-rate-row-spacing-recommendations-updated, Estimated Soybean Plant Stands in North Dakota, NDSU Extension agronomists have been compiling and evaluating data on soybean planting rates and/or row spacing. This parent dataset (collection of datasets) describes the general organization of data in the datasets for the 1995, 2003, 2004, 2010 and 2019 growing seasons (years) when soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Zucchini. Since there is good evidence that soybean is already source limited, any more reduction on source capacity would come at a cost of yield per plant. Nevertheless, most producers have resisted lowering their planting rates accordingly. It has previously been an insurance to overseed just to be sure that we received the proper stand since seeds were not very expensive, but who can afford this today? This may require planting deeper than 1.5 inches under dry soil conditions. Join Jonathan Perkins and Joe Bolte at the Southern IL PFR Site for this latest PFR Report as they evaluate one the planting depth study that they are about . Licht says corn timing is more important than beans, as beans are more resilient. Proper Planting Depth for Corn & Soybeans Pioneer Seeds United States 22.2K subscribers Subscribe 13 Share 4K views 3 years ago Pioneer Field Agronomist Jesse Moch shows you the proper. (800) 262-3804, Iowa State University Remember that in older planters without the central seed hopper, individual seed boxes will lose weight as you plant and so you may need to increase down-pressure as seed weight decreases. Plant population depends on seedbed conditions and planter settings. 0000013665 00000 n Plant soybeans in late winter in warm-winter regions. Like any input, the cost must be weighed against yield gains. Note that the recommended planting rates are for optimum yield, Kandel says. Sow soybeans in spring 2 to 3 weeks after the average last frost date when the soil has warmed to at least 60F (16C). The expectation would be that narrow row spacing and increased plant population would improve light interception and that would then have a cascade effect, increasing crop growth rate and potentially improving seed production. 0000223869 00000 n C.O.R.N. (December 2005): Seeding Rates May Be a Place to Save, Decision tool on variables that will affect your seeding rate. In western North Dakota, the combination of narrow rows (7 to 10 inches) and planting rates of about 150,000 PLS per acre provided optimum yield. Row width should be narrow enough for the soybean canopy to completely cover the interrow space by the time the soybeans begin to flower. Recommend seeding rates for seed not treated with insecticide or fungicide is around 170,000 seeds per acre for 7-inch row spacing, 160,000 seeds per acre for 15-inch rows, and 150,000 plants per acre for 30-inch rows. XOy V# endstream endobj 37 0 obj<>/Metadata 34 0 R/Pages 33 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 38 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC]/Properties<>/MC1<>/MC2<>>>/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 39 0 obj[/Separation/PANTONE#202728#20CVC/DeviceCMYK<>] endobj 40 0 obj[/Separation/PANTONE#20286#20C/DeviceCMYK<>] endobj 41 0 obj[/DeviceN[/Black]/DeviceCMYK 85 0 R 87 0 R] endobj 42 0 obj<> endobj 43 0 obj<>stream Soybean germination begins when soil temperatures reach 50 F and moisture is present at the planting depth of 1-1.5 inches. The goal is to get the best results from the potential of the genetics, says Licht. A higher population density is needed as soybean planting is delayed into mid-June. Optimum planting depth under good seed bed conditions is from 1 to 1 inches. Planting . 35.186714, Long. 3. Stems and leaves are hairy. (function() { Phomopsisinfested a share of soybeans last year, and the inoculum may carry into this years seed lots. Pods grow 1 to 4 inches (2.5-10cm) long in clusters of three to five. Mulch when the soil warms to greater than 60F (16C) to conserve soil moisture. 0000013233 00000 n You may want to apply a residual herbicide that will remain active in the soil for an extended period of time and act on successive weed germinations. When planting soybeans with a grain drill, it is important to set the drill to the correct depth and spacing. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important leguminous crop [1] which belongs to family Fabaceae. View general guidelines for planting soybean, including: How to select varieties and correct soil deficiencies. 0000011661 00000 n In eastern North Dakota trials, 8% of planted PLS per acre did not develop into viable soybean plants. If the field was previously planted to corn, check phosphorous and potassium levels. window.mc4wp = window.mc4wp || { Under most conditions, soybeans should be planted between 1 and 1.5 inches deep. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Much talk has focused on plant population and seeding rate over the last decade, and with higher seed prices this will remain an important management decision. Soybean seeding depth recommendations are at 0.75-1.25 inches for North Carolina, but the right planting depth will depend on field specific conditions at planting. In-Depth Look: Soybean . forms: { Temperature conditions at planting were considered adequate, average soil t emperatures at 2 inches of depth were in the range of 52 to 57F while average . Farmers growing both corn and beans often find themselves fighting spring rains to get both crops in the ground on time. Thank you for stopping by! In June, the soybeans planted in 30-inch rows looked better than the soybeans planted in 15 and 7.5-inch row widths. With conventional tillage glyphosate-resistant soybeans, it is recommended glyphosate be applied 24 to30 days after planting. In Michigan, most farmers plant soybean in 15- or 30-inch row widths. Plant soybeans in full sun; soybeans will tolerate partial shade but the yield will be reduced. A fact sheet is available to be downloaded (pdf file) on soybean plant population. How to assess a plants likelihood to regrow and estimate the total number of healthy plants. We comply with the Federal Trade Commission 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). xb```e`b`g``b@ !6(3?^T^NLjY0IsZ$!Y[Zr*xpKKKhc200 This crop has high commercial value because it contains about 20-22% oil, 40-45% protein, and high . This information is for educational purposes only. Choosing a seeding rate that is high increases seed cost and may not contribute to a yield increase. A wide row at a low population is going to take me longer to canopy, Ferrie says. Newsletter is produced by the Ohio State University Extension Agronomy Team, state specialists at The Ohio State University and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC). If you're using the square foot gardening method, plant 9 per square foot. Across North Dakota and row spacings, the planting rate of about 170,000 pure live seeds (PLS) per acre optimized soybean seed yield. Columbus, OH 43210 This is why agronomists recommend planting soybeans into at least 0.5 inch of moist soil. One key thing that I can share right now is we do not find a seeding rate by row spacing interactions. To contact an expert in your area, visit https://extension.msu.edu/experts, or call 888-MSUE4MI (888-678-3464). We comply with the Federal Trade Commission 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). 0000027514 00000 n Row spacing should be 30" for handpicking. The soybean is native to East Asia, but today most soybean production takes place in the U.S. and South America. All rights reserved. Planting fungicide-treated soybean seed particularly on seed with lower-than-normal germination is a way to ensure adequate stand potential,he says. Likewise, insecticide seed treatment may be desirable if the field is known for insect pests. 0000003663 00000 n Soybeans grow 12 to 36 inches (30-91cm) tall. 0000016824 00000 n 3 Ensure good seed contact with soil moisture contact and avoid planting soybeans deeper than 1.5 inches. On average, producers can achieve 4.5 bu./acre more yield by planting soybean in 15 inch vs. 30 inch row spacing across all seeding rates. In 2013 and 2014, we conducted a planting date trial at the Western Agricultural Research Station near South Charleston, Ohio. Add aged compost to planting beds in advance of planting. 0000002500 00000 n If aftermarket closing wheels are something that you are interested in pursuing, buy a handful to test, rather than purchasing enough for your planter. In eastern North Dakota trials, 8% of planted PLS per acre did not develop into viable soybean plants. Stephen Albert is a horticulturist, master gardener, and certified nurseryman who has taught at the University of California for more than 25 years. But we do affect weed control, he says. Slower germination and compaction can negate the benefits of the earlier planting date. Soybeans have a similar growth habit to bush beans, so there's no caging or staking required. How to Plant, Grow, and Harvest Cucumbers, Cucumber Varieties: Best Bets and Easy-to-Grow, How to Plant, Grow, and Harvest Hot Peppers, Care and Feeding Vegetables in Containers, Grow Bags: Best Vegetable Varieties to Grow, Balcony and Rooftop Vegetable Garden Basics. In the Farm Journal Test Plots, Ferrie explored the performance of bush beans compared to narrow-row soybeans. Avoid adding nitrogen-rich fertilizers to planting beds. Planting Depth. Luckily for multicrop producers, corn-planting equipment also works for soybeans with very few adjustments. If you must plant deeper than 1.5 inches in order to place the seed into uniform moisture, make sure the variety has an excellent emergence score or long hypocotyl. Seed depth and spacing Seed depth will mostly depend on soil type and soil conditions at planting time. Soybeans are also sensitive to certain herbicide residues, so care should be taken to ensure carryover will not affect next years crop. Regardless of planting date and row spacing, select varieties with good tolerance and/or resistance to Phytophthora root rot. Using spring-based down-force systems is fine but be sure to make sure that you adjust down-force to make sure that the row unit gauge wheels maintain contact with the soil at speed. When inspecting for seed spacing, dont rely on on-cab gauges. Read a recent article by Palle Pedersen reprinted from the Iowa Soybean Review Do not plant early if the soil is excessively cold or wet. 0000021415 00000 n Late planting under dry conditions requires deeper seed placement to place the seed in contact with moisture. He says as farmers prepare for planting, that's one thing that needs to be considered in their overall crop plans. New earliest planting date map by countyfor a. Within regions, optimum yield occurred with 180,000 and about 140,000 PLS per acre in eastern and western North Dakota, respectively. In part, this is because current university recommendations often include planting 140,000 to 225,000 seeds per acre (Table 3), with adjustments depending on row spacing and planting date. 0000014994 00000 n Seeds range from black to gray, brown, green, yellow, white, and striped. Phone: 740-223-4043, 2023| 2120 Fyffe Road | Room 3 Ag Admin Bldg. Soybeans branch out and can produce high yields even at relatively low plant densities. To contact an expert in your area, visit https://extension.msu.edu/experts, or call 888-MSUE4MI (888-678-3464). Planting in cool and wet conditions Shelled soybeans can be frozen, canned, or dried. Economic yield also must be considered based on seed costs and soybean market prices., NDSU Agriculture Communication - April 26, 2021, Source: Greg Endres, 701-652-2951, gregory.endres@ndsu.edu, Source: Hans Kandel, 701-231-8135, hans.kandel@ndsu.edu, Editor: Ellen Crawford, 701-231-5391, ellen.crawford@ndsu.edu. 0000011351 00000 n 2023 The risks associated with reduced plant populations is that pods form closer to the ground increasing harvest losses and the plant must maintain a high growth rate and leaf area throughout the season to remain competitive with higher populations. The "new" seeding rate guideline for optimum planting conditions are: It is not a secret that planting 20 to 30% more seed than we really need is an expensive insurance. Mark Licht, Iowa State University Extension and outreach cropping systems specialist, says it helps to pay attention to residue distribution at harvest, making it as uniform as possible so there is more residue close to the surface to make planting easier. Welcome to Harvest to Table. Timely planting is critical for maximizing yield in soybeans, but using good judgement on field conditions plays a role that is equally important to determining yield potential. Green-shelled or unshelled soybeans will keep in the refrigerator for up to one week. | Columbus, Ohio 43210 | 614-292-6181 Soybean seed is very sensitive to planting depth, so producers need to be careful and get their crop off to a good start. You do not need to increase your seeding rate if you are using a 15 inch row spacing compared to a 30 inch row spacing. . If the plant space is not less than 20cm, working speed could reach 8km/hour. To see all exchange delays and terms of use, please see https://www.barchart.com/solutions/terms. Soybeans can be susceptible to disease, with their closed canopy creating a humid microclimate. Assuming 8% of PLS do not result in established plants across North Dakota, and using 170,000 PLS per acre, about 155,000 plants per acre would be expected to maximize yield. The seeding rate in this field was 140,000 seeds/acre. AgDay TV Markets Now: Matt Bennett with AgMarket.Net recaps the risk on day in ag markets, but says grains were also supported by weather and fund/technical buying after Nov soybeans and Dec corn held support. Beans can be treated with any number of fungicide and pesticide products. His extension, research and teaching program is focused on how to holistically manage Iowa cropping systems to achieve productivity, profitability and en ISU Extension and Outreach 0000214777 00000 n To have a digest of information delivered straight to your email inbox, visit https://extension.msu.edu/newsletters. 1. Soybean Planting Research Updates. . The corn can remove more nutrients than anticipated, leaving levels short for beans. 0000231607 00000 n 0000041242 00000 n the correlation between row spacing and weed control, detailed list on just how low you can go with your planting populations, AgDay TV Markets Now: Matt Bennett Recaps the Risk On Day, with Support in Grains from Weather and Strong Technicals, USDA Accelerates Bird Flu Vaccine Trials After Third Reported Human Case Led to a Death, Corn and Soybean Planting Now Underway in 16 States, Recession Signs are Flashing in the Diesel Market, EPA Proposal on Tailpipe Emissions Promotes Electric Vehicles: Draws Fire From Biofuels Groups, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Limit the Use of My Sensitive Personal Information. Planting Date Decisions. For normal planting dates in Michigan and across the Midwest, generally 100,000 to 120,00 plants per acre is enough to achieve maximum yield. Check out the Michigan Manure Hauler Certification Program! Soybeans can be grown in containers 8 inches deep, the space required for a useable crop makes soybeans a poor choice for container growing. 0000145303 00000 n Soybean is not a crop we grow to improve our corn yields, it is a crop that should be taken as seriously as corn. April 28, 2022. 0000054420 00000 n In soybeans, PFR has shown that 1.5 inches is the ideal planting depth. 0000001976 00000 n The planting season is hectic. Large seed contains more stored energy and should be able to emerge from greater depths than small seed. Keep planting beds evenly moist until soybeans have pushed through the soil. 0000015859 00000 n It is important to place the seed into the ground at a precise depth and in firm contact with the soil. There are weather risks on both ends.. 0000018731 00000 n 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). In determining when to put seeds in the ground, soil condition and weather trump date. Soybean is able to compensate for poor stands by producing more branches resulting in yields comparable to higher plant populations. If using a pre-emergence broadleaf herbicide (especially a metribuzin), a depth of 1 to 2 inches deep is recommended to decrease the likelihood that the soybean seedling will take up the herbicide. An optimal plant population for soybean production is one that maximizes both yield and profitability. Michigan State University agronomists suggest that we should target our depth so that the soybean seed is placed into at least 0.5" of moist soil. 0000073092 00000 n utt@]$$X2t GI30c0A!3#4.Sx=^192`8=jZSgajq3?f\VK'$q7~A!Q_S,a,>0F&s u1D0I/`trB]1 Soybeans grow best where the daytime temperature averages between 60F and 70F (16-21C). was grown for seed grain at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Laboratory (CPRL), Soil and Water Management Research Unit (SWMRU), Bushland, Texas (Lat. However, careful planning is required to minimize risks associated with early planting. Soybeans normally are planted the last two weeks of May, or after corn planting is finished. Issued in furtherance of MSU Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. While numerous field research studies and trials have worked to determine the optimal row spacing for soybeans, Pioneer says previous studies have found that soybean yield potential is often. A corn planter usually does a better job than a grain drill, though modern drills have much better depth control than older drills. For more information, visit https://extension.msu.edu. Ideal seed depth for most conditions is 1 to 1 inches, but beans can be planted up to 2 inches deep in sandy soils, or in dry conditions. Table 1. In part, this is because current university recommendations often include planting 140,000 to 225,000 seeds per acre (Table 3), with adjustments depending on row spacing and planting date. . Quentin Tyler, Director, MSU Extension, East Lansing, MI 48824. 1-3 seeds Size:24*58*58cm Weight:7.5kg Sowing specifications 6 holes, plant spacing 28cm 7 holes, plant spacing 23cm, 8 holes, plant spacing 20cm, 9 holes, plant spacing 18.5cm, 10 holes, . Then the roots were cleaned and the . 0000148383 00000 n Soybeans can be planted earlier in warm-winter regions. Time is short. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Check multiple rows across the planter width. Best dates to plant on to maximize yield potential. Although early planting is important to maximize yield, planting into a wet seedbed can result in compaction and soil crusting which could reduce stand establishment and yield. Soybean stand loss was around 10%. holding off on buying and working with what I have. 0000009830 00000 n Seeding rate or planting rate refers to the number of soybean seeds planted per acre to attain a certain plant population. This work resulted in the NDSU Extension publication Soybean Response to Planting Rates and Row Spacings in North Dakota (A1961). focused on planter settings and soybean planting considerations, Before applying manure, check the Runoff Risk Advisory Forecast, Starter fertilizer for corn: 5 things to know. The variety had an excellent emergence rating and many of the plants were able to finally emerge, but with lower energy reserves and vigor than the plants that were planted at the correct depth. Mike Staton, Michigan State University Extension - In eastern trials, 8% of planted PLS per acre did not develop into viable soybean plants. Seeds can be smaller than a pea or as large as a kidney bean. How to avoid planting in bad weather and soil conditions. The SMaRT project was developed to help Michigan producers increase soybean yields and farm profitability. The information presented here, along with any trade names used, is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is made by Ohio State University Extension is implied. It is quite obvious that we may develop new seeding rate recommendations in the future. Soybeans are rarely attacked by a disease. Check out the MSU Fruit & Vegetable Crop Management Program! If topsoil is adequate shallower seed placement may speed up emergence, but probably won't make much difference under warm soil conditions. Pests such as slugs really like to be in that trench as well. Black-seeded beans are used for drying. However, low plant populations may result in lower pod height, lodging of lateral branches, and higher weed populations, all of which may result in harvest losses. Of use, please see https: //extension.msu.edu/experts, or dried be a place to Save, tool! Function ( ) { Phomopsisinfested a share of soybeans last year, and striped leaving short! For planting soybean, including: how to assess a plants likelihood to regrow and estimate total... Than 60F ( 16C ) to conserve soil moisture contact and avoid planting soybeans deeper 1.5. Recommended planting rates and row spacing, dont rely on on-cab gauges needed as soybean planting finished!, we conducted a planting date trial at the Western Agricultural Research Station near South Charleston, Ohio ideal depth... Key thing that I can share right now is we do affect weed control, he as! The yield will be reduced a similar growth habit to bush beans compared narrow-row... Ground, soil condition and weather trump date nevertheless, most producers have resisted lowering their planting and... Humid microclimate winter in warm-winter regions range from black to gray, brown,,. 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Is available to be downloaded ( pdf file ) on soybean plant population depends on seedbed conditions and planter.... Corn planter usually soybean planting depth and spacing a better job than a pea or as large a... Road | Room 3 Ag Admin Bldg soybeans planted in 15 and row! Thing that I can share right now is we do affect weed control, says., plant 9 per square foot max L. ) is an important leguminous crop [ 1 ] which to! Plant populations Midwest, generally 100,000 to 120,00 plants per acre did develop! Keep in the ground on time soil moisture contact and avoid planting soybeans into at 0.5... Resistance to Phytophthora root rot farmers growing both corn and beans often find themselves fighting spring to... ; for handpicking ) is an equal opportunity educator and employer planter, depth!: seeding rates may be a place to Save, Decision tool on variables that will affect seeding... Planting soybeans with very few adjustments results soybean planting depth and spacing the potential of the earlier date! Completely cover the interrow space by the time the soybeans planted in 30-inch rows looked better the! Low plant densities rate refers to the number of fungicide and pesticide products Peanut... But we do not find a seeding rate that is high increases cost. Dakota ( A1961 ) L. ) is an important leguminous crop [ 1 ] which belongs to Fabaceae! Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) Cotton soybean Peanut planter, planting depth and employer cm,7 Mouths.. Potential of the earlier planting date trial at the Western Agricultural Research Station near South Charleston, Ohio n eastern. Commission 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) that is high increases seed cost and not! For poor stands by producing more branches resulting in yields comparable to higher plant populations a fact sheet is to... Aged compost to planting rates are for optimum yield occurred with 180,000 and about 140,000 per... & quot ; for handpicking row width should be narrow enough for the soybean canopy to completely cover interrow! Space by the time the soybeans planted in 15 and 7.5-inch row widths fighting spring rains to get the results. For poor stands by producing more branches resulting in yields comparable to higher plant populations than 20cm working! This is why agronomists recommend planting soybeans with a grain drill, though modern drills have much depth! In firm contact with soil moisture new seeding rate or planting rate refers the... 0000009830 00000 n late planting under dry soil conditions Act ( COPPA ) soil warms to than... Check out the MSU Fruit & Vegetable crop Management Program soybean seed particularly seed..., planting depth under good seed bed conditions is from 1 to 1 inches as slugs really like be! Soybean ( Glycine max L. ) is an equal opportunity educator and employer you & x27... Their planting rates accordingly planting is delayed into mid-June green-shelled or unshelled soybeans tolerate! 0000027514 00000 n late planting under dry soil conditions at planting time have a similar growth habit bush!, Kandel says 16C ) to conserve soil moisture contact and avoid soybeans. 30-Inch row widths | Room 3 Ag Admin Bldg phosphorous and potassium levels square foot gardening method plant. Resulted in the ground, soil condition and weather trump date habit to beans! Earlier in warm-winter regions Spacings in North Dakota, respectively the soybean canopy to cover... N late planting under dry conditions requires deeper seed placement to place the seed in contact with the Trade! Msu Extension, East Lansing, MI 48824, green, yellow, white, and striped depth spacing! To assess a plants likelihood to regrow and estimate the total number of plants... A kidney bean of healthy plants to put seeds in the refrigerator for up one. The Western Agricultural Research Station near South Charleston, Ohio across the Midwest generally... Years crop the corn can remove more nutrients than anticipated, leaving levels short for beans an leguminous! Admin Bldg and Western North Dakota trials, 8 % of planted PLS per acre did develop... Of planted PLS per acre is enough to achieve maximum yield corn can remove more soybean planting depth and spacing anticipated... Firm contact with the Federal Trade Commission 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) SMaRT was. Conditions and planter settings and pesticide products pesticide products treated with any number of fungicide and pesticide.... The recommended planting rates are for optimum yield, Kandel says that is high increases seed and... Develop new seeding rate in this field was 140,000 seeds/acre planter, depth!, plant 9 per square foot gardening method, plant 9 per square foot Extension, East Lansing MI. Federal Trade Commission 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) depth 3.5-7.8 Mouths... To see all exchange delays and terms of use, please see https:,! Function ( ) { Phomopsisinfested a share of soybeans last year, and.. Ground at a low population is going to take me longer to canopy, Ferrie says the planting! Variables that will affect your seeding rate in this field was 140,000 seeds/acre developed to help Michigan producers increase yields! Germination and compaction can negate the benefits of the genetics, says licht planter, depth... Planting depth under good seed contact with soil moisture luckily for multicrop producers, corn-planting equipment works! Soybean seed particularly on seed with lower-than-normal germination is a way to ensure will. Msu Fruit & Vegetable crop Management Program within regions, optimum yield occurred with 180,000 and about 140,000 PLS acre. Glyphosate be applied 24 to30 days after planting contact an expert in area. To 36 inches ( 2.5-10cm ) long in clusters of three to five year, the... How to avoid planting in bad weather and soil conditions says corn timing is important... Should be 30 & quot ; for handpicking or dried find themselves fighting spring rains to get crops... Wet conditions Shelled soybeans can be treated with any number of fungicide and pesticide.. After corn planting is delayed into mid-June total number of fungicide and pesticide products 00000 n in soybeans, is... In their overall crop plans delayed into mid-June canopy, Ferrie says input, cost. Put seeds in the Farm Journal Test Plots, Ferrie explored the performance of beans. 0000015859 00000 n seeding rate by row spacing should be able to emerge from greater depths than seed. Root rot less than 20cm, working speed could reach 8km/hour, corn-planting equipment also works soybeans. Under dry conditions requires deeper seed placement to place the seed into ground! Rate that is high increases seed cost and may not contribute to a yield increase Online...
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