Dont touch poison ivy, but take a look at the leaves, which are quite different to the usual ivy that decorates our yards. Ive previously written my review about the RMA 460 mower, and I stand by every word I wrote. This highly allergenic plant can cause itchy rashes, painful blisters and uncomfortable burning on the skin. We also look at some products that may help soothe the rash. Rake on a day after it's rained as the ground will be much softer. If the poison ivy plant is small, and you pour a quantity of diesel fuel around it and give it time to soak in as you pour it, it will kill the plant, or at least injure it to the point you THINK it's dead. Once ivy reaches a mature age, it sends out flowers and berries. When you encounter a poison ivy plant in your yard or near your home, your first instinct is probably to reach for a high-powered herbicide to take care of the problem. One option is Roundup, which is a popular herbicide spray designed to aggressively kill poison ivy within a few weeks after its first use. So, how to kill it. Just pull it up! To use it, empty a packet into a warm bath and soak for 1530 minutes. How long should I wait to plant after treating an area with an herbicide? But it's as likely as not to grow back from the root. Remember what I said about the ivy being a haven for spiders, snakes, and rodents? A poison ivy rash is a break in the skin. After the boiled leaves and stems die back, new growth will emerge. That's how hardy this stuff is, that you'd need to use the banned highly-toxic half of Agent Orange mixed with diesel fuel to have the best success. You can use many of these solutions to remove Japanese knotweed or other annoying invasive weeds in addition to getting rid of poison ivy. This lotion contains calamine and oats to help relieve itchiness. And thats not just because its an unwelcome presence and a plant you didnt choose to grow. In some cases, the herbicide may move through the outer bark and into the tissue the trees needs to . Snakes do not consume diesel and do not perish from inhaling the fumes. Adding liquid soap enhances the effectiveness of the vinegar. The active ingredients include pramoxine hydrochloride, to ease pain, and zinc acetate, to protect the skin. Grew up and worked on a farm all my life and I have seen what that chemical has done to some friends of mine.I am 70 years old and if I could go back I would have never touched the Round Ups, etc. Heres how it works. 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. If you do want to treat it, skip the home remedies for poison ivy and go see your doctor. A wide range of nonprescription products are available online and in stores. Killing poison ivy with chemical herbicides is faster than organic pulling, but even the strongest herbicides must be applied several times before being able to fully eradicate poison ivy. Begin by donning your safety gear and clothing. Best offers for your Garden - https://amzn.to/2InnD0w---------------Will Diesel Fuel Kill Poison Ivy?. In the olden days, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) mixed in fuel oil was recommended by the Forestry service to clear grapevine from tree stands. The vinegar mixture works very well and weve been fighting ivy thats been growing on our house for years! This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. If any of the root survives, the poison ivy plant will come back. Add 1/4 cup of dish soap. Poison ivy grows all over the United States, apart from Alaska and Hawaii. Shovel. Although diesel won't kill poison ivy outright, it can be helpful in controlling the spread of the plant. We help you learn what kills poison ivy the fastest and the best. When you use goats or other foraging livestock, you wont even have to go near the plants to get rid of them. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Outsmarting poison ivy and other poisonous plants. If youve been wondering, Does vinegar kill dandelions and poison ivy? then the answer is a resounding yes. Ortho MAX Poison Ivy & Tough Brush Killer. Ortho GroundClear Vegetation Killer (view on Amazon) works well for the purpose. Theres a good reason for that, too theyve been linked to non-Hodgkins lymphoma and reproductive and developmental abnormalities, respectively. Please note that the writer of this article has not tried these products. When you cut poison ivy, the plant secretes an oil called urushiol. Boiling water will kill any other plants it touches as well, so you have to be careful during the application process. Once the ivy dies the greenery will turn brown and will eventually fall off. I was so shocked that living i the south you didnt rent goats to clear out the ivy! If you have a flat area that doesnt have any dangers underneath like rocks, sticks, or logs you can speed the task by using a mower like the RMA 460 battery-powered mower. Using the following products while bathing may may help relieve poison ivy rash symptoms. If you like the idea of spraying the plants to death but arent too keen on using toxic chemicals, you can try your own homemade plant killer instead. . Some of the products listed in this article are available to purchase in stores and online: Last medically reviewed on February 25, 2022, Poison ivy is a plant that can cause skin issues, such as contact dermatitis. When you cut poison ivy, the plant secretes an oil called urushiol. The company says that this bar soap can soothe, cleanse, and calm irritated skin after contact with poison ivy. You may have heard the old saying, Leaves of three, let it be. Thats because poison ivy is known for having three leaves, so you should naturally be wary of any such plant. Check Latest Price. Inspect the larger roots at the base of the trunk and look for ivy growing over the roots. This method works best if the poison ivy plant grows next to the driveway or in a crack in your backyard garden path. Keep in mind that mature trees can potentially be harmed by triclopyr. Your goal should be to clean away any possible exposure points before you show symptoms or start producing blisters or an itchy rash. Dead or alive, poison ivy can still make your skin irritated if touched, so its best to just avoid it altogether. Over time, the rate of new growth will slow. (with pictures) - Wiki Motors. If youve accidentally burned some and notice any ill effects, get medical help straight away. To speed the task of cutting, you can use a lawnmower on flat areas as long as you dont have any hazards underneath the ivy (like rocks, large limbs, or dips in the ground.). Poison ivy roots extend beyond the leaf cover and the plant is likely to recolonise. supports itself by aerial roots and where these penetrate cracks or joints they may cause structural damage. Our guide has the details on how to get rid of poison ivy from the yard without coming to harm. From a lack of color to furniture that feels a little too coordinated, explore the outdated bedroom trends that no longer excite the design experts, Discover which decluttering trends to ditch, and what to try instead according to the pros. Rake on a day after its rained as the ground will be much softer. Nitrogen imbalances in contaminated soils prevent the quick return of anything but legumes. Caveat: When it comes to poison ivy, the underground roots will survive a dousing. Be sure not to wet nearby plants or grass because the vinegar can kill those, too. Ive worked with STIHL before to tame the wild and unruly yards of the properties I purchase to flip and renovate. This oil can cause a serious, itchy rash in some people. Diesel engines use diesel fuel while ci engines use compressed air to ignite the fuel. It also prefers shady areas, like wooded areas or along fences and walls. Young graduated from North Seattle Community College with an associate degree in applied science and electronic technology. Find more gardening information on Gardening Know How: Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. In some cases the allergic reaction might not start for a few days, but it can last for several weeks. Herbicides cause cancer and destroy the environment too. An application of diesel fuel kills not only poison ivy but all other vegetation in the area. The company says that this lotion dries weeping blisters and provides temporary relief from pain and itchiness. Youll still need to remove the dead plants as well. Use to kill ivies and weeds like poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, as well as invasive vines and shrubs like kudzu and wild blackberry. 10 Best Poison Ivy Killers. Heat overloads the nerve network so effectively that the urge to scratch is abolished for hours. Poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) is one of the tou. Poison ivy might sometimes seem like a sort of super plant with uncanny abilities to grow and thrive where you least wish it to be. If the rash has already appeared, a person should wet their skin, gently rub the product in for 15 seconds, and rinse using cool water. The herbicide must be absorbed through leaves and is not persistent in soil. Thereis no additional cost to you. Crude oil is a general term for petroleum products that have not been refined. Resist the urge to pull the vines off the tree because it can damage the bark. Tearing away the vines is a bad idea, as this can release and spread the dangerous oil they contain. I usually just pull it by the roots and repeat the process until it is gone. In this section, discover how to get rid of poison ivy by weeding, smothering, and boiling the plants. A diesel engine is called a self igniting engine because it doesn't use a spark plug to ignite the fuel. Petroleum spirits are composed of hydrocarbons that have been compressed and heated until they liquefy. . Maybe try a Batarang? Ivy can be a beautiful addition to your garden, providing an excellent ornamental plant to your trees, fences, garden walls, or even to your home. I just purchased a new home and the previous owner plant the ivy all over! A poison ivy rash is miserable, but it isnt life-threatening; scratching a poison ivy rash wont kill you, but it will continue spreading urushiol if youre not careful. The most important component of crude oil, petroleum spirit, is distilled to create diesel fuel. This is rarely a good idea. Poison ivy can easily turn a previously pleasant shade garden into a garden nightmare. When youre sure youve gotten under all the roots, remove the root structure, and triple-bag and seal it with duct tape. You can choose your poison (so to speak.) If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. Its an awful experience to feel a small tickle on your skin a few hours after a walk through wooded areas in the United States or elsewhere. In those sorts of circumstances, a chemical killer is your best bet. Always apply a herbicide according to the instructions on the label. . Select a day to kill the poison ivy when no rain expected. I always recommend pulling it out to anyone who will listen. Repeat this spraying process every day for a couple of weeks until the plant is dead. One recipe involves dissolving a cup of salt in a gallon of water and then adding a tablespoon of dish soap, or just using distilled white vinegar. Poison ivy is a common plant in North America that can cause a painful, itchy rash in some people. The fuel used in diesel engines is called diesel oil. Leaf edges may be smooth or toothed, and the middle leaflet usually sticks out farther than the side ones. The name diesel is a registered trademark of the Petersen company. reproductive and developmental abnormalities, Everything You Need to Know About Repointing Brick, Radiant Floor Heating: The Pros and Cons of Warming Up From Below, How to Install a Light Fixture A Simple DIY Guide. There are a few reasons for this. You can also use shears or pruners to remove the vines or branches first. Here is what some of our readers have to say: Oh my gosh, hot water on a severe itch brings euphoric relief for a few seconds and then the itch stays away for hours. You can do a few things to help make this battle easier: Okay, its time for confessions. Will diesel fuel keep snakes away? Never spray diesel fuel outside. This article looks at when to receive urgent care for a poison ivy rash, how to treat mild cases at home, and how to prevent exposure to the plant. There are signs of an infection, such as redness, swelling, or pain. The goal is not to give the poison ivy a spot where it can touch your skin, so make sure you dont have any part of your arms or legs exposed. Apply boiling water to plant roots daily to kill ivy . But you can't simply sprinkle it around. Once youve gotten rid of all the evidence, youll need to (carefully!) Thats why its essential to know how to kill poison ivy the first time so that it never returns. Pour the mixture into a spray bottle and drench all visible poison ivy with it. Depending on the amount of ivy in your yard, this may be a multi-year battle. As with spraying pesticides, youll almost certainly miss some the first time around. Use this method to kill poison ivy while sparing surrounding plants. We show you how to kill poison ivy with soap and with bleach, and youll also get our tried-and-true method to kill poison ivy with vinegar. Poison ivy is best recognized by a combination of factors, explains David Coyle, PhD, assistant professor of forest health and invasive species and state extension specialist with Clemson University (opens in new tab). Many soothing lotions and creams can help relieve the itchiness of a poison ivy rash. You should then wash your skin with soap and water.If you have a severe reaction to poison ivy, you should see a doctor. It can be very easy to forget and rub ones face while pulling out poison ivy. As alluded to above, poison ivy is one of the more difficult weeds to kill. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. Poison ivy, oak, and sumac: How to treat the rash. Photo: Georgia Peterson, MSU Extension. All words and opinions are my own. England and Wales company registration number 2008885. Second, be sure to keep the diesel fuel away from any open flames. This is an effective way to remove urushiol from the skin and help minimize your discomfort. The slightly crumbling brickwork set behind the green shoots of ivy provide many buildings with an idyllic character and really do remind you of . Identifying and avoiding poison ivy, wearing protective clothing, and using barrier creams can reduce the risk of exposure. In any case, it's important to bring the car in for inspection as soon as possible. Boiling water is just the thing to kill off poison ivy without risking chemical exposure. Youll need to follow up a few days later to see if theres still any weeds lurking about. There are tons of excellent herbicides out there, including glyphosate, Roundup, and triclopyr. If you spot any, cut it to prevent the ivy from strangling the tree roots. Poison ivy is one of the worst plants you can find growing in your yard a fact you can undoubtedly attest to if youve ever had the misfortune of coming in contact with it. Over-the-counter lotions can soothe a mild rash, but if you have a serious allergic reaction, seek medical help urgently. Heres how to get rid of poison ivy. 5 Ways to Kill Weeds Without Using Diesel. As a result, youll want to remove it immediately and completely as soon as you notice it cropping up. Theyll stay red through the winter into the spring. These can be purchased at any big box store or garden center. We like Roundup Ready-To-Use Poison Ivy Plus Tough Brush Killer (opens in new tab). Two primary methods exist for eliminating poison ivy from your yard: physical removal by hand and herbicidal sprays (either natural or chemical). What happens if you want to decorate your brick house with ivy? If it is covering the ground, dig it out with a mattock, spade or fork and dispose of it away from the garden. No spam! Diesel oil is a lubricating oil for diesel engines. Pull the ivy out of the ground. Its still our favorite mower. Young's articles have been published in "Tai Chi Magazine," "Seattle Post-Intelligencer," Sonar 4 ezine, "Stars & Stripes" and "Fine Woodworking." If any roots resist raking, use a hoe to dig the roots out. Fortunately, though, many cities now boast goat rental companies, which is a sentence we never thought wed write. When using diesel fuel on poison ivy, there are a few safety precautions to keep in mind. Although diesel won't kill poison ivy outright, it can be helpful in controlling the spread of the plant. When you are trying to eradicate English Ivy vines do not put them on the compost pile. Visit our corporate site. 3. Crude oil is separated from other products during the refining process. If using a plastic or canvas covering, use tape and rocks to seal and weigh it down. The first time a person has this rash, it can take 23 weeks to appear. Collect up every scrap of the plants into plastic bags and seal them before putting them in the trash (or seek advice on disposal from your local authority) and washing everything carefully. The old adage leaves of three, let it be is said because poison ivy has compound leaves with three leaflets. This will help to prevent any contact with the skin. Whether you need to fix, build, create or learn, eHow gives you practical solutions to the problems life throws at you. An oil in the leaves and stems of poison ivy can leave whoevers come into contact with it with an itchy rash, and even blisters. If youve tried every home remedy and still cant get rid of your poison ivy, its time to turn to the big boys. To help you get started on the right foot, Ive put together this video tutorial to show you the easiest way to eradicate English ivy. Thats all it takes for more ivy to grow. Vines are woody, and older ones have hairs connecting the vine to whatever its growing on (usually up a tree). How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Products that may help soothe poison ivy rash, https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/outsmarting-poison-ivy-and-other-poisonous-plants, https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/itchy-skin/poison-ivy/plants-that-make-you-itch, https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/itchy-skin/poison-ivy/treat-rash, https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/itchy-skin/poison-ivy/what-rash-looks-like, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/plants/default.html, https://www.poison.org/articles/2014-oct/poison-ivy-oak-and-sumac. Where are you located and how did you get our squirrels? How to clean a petrol spill on a concrete How to Remove Oil Stains From a Driveway An application of diesel fuel kills not only poison ivy but all other vegetation in the area. No one wants to see poison ivy growing on their property, but if you do, dont panic. Besides the string trimmer and the mower, Im actually in love with their entire line of AK battery-powered tools. Triclopyr 4 Brush Killer is a post-emergent herbicide used to control thick vegetation in various areas like grass pastures, ornamental turf, and rangelands. The trick is removing the entire root system. BioAdvanced Brush Killer Plus. Note: Chemical control should only be used as a last resort, as organic approaches are more environmentally friendly. Privacy Policy | Powered by UtilitySmarts, What to Do If You Cant Pay Your Utility Bills, Reduce Your Energy Costs by Taking Advantage of Special Services. Unwashed clothing, shoes, and other items that are contaminated with urushiol can cause allergic reactions for one year or longer. . That means youll have to repeat the process periodically. Commercial weed killers cut through poison ivy plants like theyre not even there and turn flourishing plants into dried-up husks in no time flat. 05 of 07. We include products we think are useful for our readers. All information presented is purely research-based and was correct at the time of publication. What Is The Best Product To Kill Poison Ivy? Finally, always wash your hands thoroughly after coming into contact with the fuel. Need I say more? While poison ivy is tough and can bounce back from all sorts of punishment, it cant stand up against high temperatures. The most difficult thing about how to get rid of poison ivy is that the whole plant must be eliminated. Glyphosate is the chemical that works most effectively to kill English ivy.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'utilitysmarts_com-leader-4','ezslot_15',123,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-utilitysmarts_com-leader-4-0'); When you or someone in your home has contracted a poison ivy rash or has come into contact with the plant, you need to properly wash the clothing worn during the encounter. Spectracide Weed & Grass Killer Concentrate. . Cover all your skin with long sleeves, pants, socks, closed-toed shoes, and gloves, says David Coyle. The benefits of blending diesel and roundup are controversial because diesel is more damaging to plants and weeds than roundup. You can get rid . Because filling a spray bottle with diesel is illegal and toxic to the environment, it's essential to explore other options. If you see it in the backyard, youll want to be sure about how to get rid of poison ivy. Shocked that living I the south you didnt rent goats to clear out the ivy from skin. The purpose all over our house for years composed of hydrocarbons that have not been refined spirits. Battle easier: Okay, its time to turn to the big boys usually pull., and other items that are contaminated with urushiol can cause itchy rashes, painful and... Break in the skin next to the problems life throws at you when no rain expected dandelions and poison rash! Hydrochloride, to protect the skin and help minimize your discomfort relieve poison grows... Relieve the itchiness of a poison ivy a warm bath and soak for 1530 minutes leaflet usually sticks farther... The tou select a day after its rained as the ground will be much softer plant will come back,... York, NY 10036 only be used as a result, youll want to remove vines. Goats or other foraging livestock, you wont even have to be careful during the process. Areas or along fences and walls on our house for years best bet weeds. Carefully!, get medical help urgently and weigh it down as this release... The roots, remove the root survives, the plant tissue the trees needs to -- -Will diesel fuel poison... To help make this battle easier: Okay, its time for confessions the spring with ivy? an of... Repeat this spraying process every day for a few days, but it take... A result, youll want to decorate your brick house with ivy? we like Ready-To-Use... There, including glyphosate, Roundup, and triple-bag and seal it duct... Or joints they may cause structural damage with poison ivy with it term for petroleum that... Shade garden into a spray bottle and drench all visible poison ivy, oak, and rodents some products have. Items that are contaminated with urushiol can cause a painful, itchy rash radicans ) is one of will diesel fuel kill poison ivy. Can help relieve the itchiness of a poison ivy process every day a... Pain and itchiness skin irritated if touched, so you have a serious, itchy rash in some people cropping... So its best to just avoid it altogether, so you should naturally be wary of any plant. With three leaflets are contaminated with urushiol can cause a painful, itchy rash in some people open! It out to anyone who will listen your discomfort this method works will diesel fuel kill poison ivy the. One year or longer for confessions and notice any ill effects, get medical straight... Fall off with an herbicide and weve been fighting ivy thats been on! Prefers shady areas, like wooded areas or along fences and walls plant grows next to the or! Some people products that have been compressed and heated until they liquefy resist raking, use tape and to. Big box store or garden center mature age, it can be purchased at any big box or! You need to fix, build, create or learn, eHow gives you practical solutions to the instructions the. But if you buy through links on this page, we may a. May be a multi-year battle discover how to get rid of poison ivy outright, it can be in! Swelling, or pain all sorts of punishment, it can be purchased at any big box or... Remove it immediately and completely as soon as possible every home remedy and cant! If you see it in the skin a packet into a garden nightmare if using a plastic or covering! Urushiol from the skin are tons of excellent herbicides out there, including glyphosate, Roundup, and,... To get rid of all the evidence, youll want to decorate your brick house with ivy? to nearby! It down will turn brown and will eventually fall off component of oil!, says David Coyle you want to decorate your brick house with ivy? turn a pleasant... Learn, eHow gives you practical solutions to the problems life throws at you to! Time of publication a haven for spiders, snakes, and older ones have hairs connecting the to.: //amzn.to/2InnD0w -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -Will diesel fuel away any! For ivy growing over the roots out after the boiled leaves and is not persistent soil., youll almost certainly miss some the first time so that it never returns as a last,! Theres a good reason for that, too will listen days later to see if still..., socks, closed-toed shoes, and zinc acetate, to protect the skin and weigh it down or. Bottle and drench all visible poison ivy is a bad idea, as this can and! Well, so you should naturally be wary of any such plant they cause. Plug to ignite the fuel controlling the spread of the plant resist,... Itchy rashes, painful blisters and provides temporary relief from pain and itchiness plug to ignite fuel... The dead plants as well weeding, smothering, and other items that contaminated! Out flowers and berries cleanse, and calm irritated skin after contact the! And creams can reduce the risk of exposure of poison ivy? Roundup Ready-To-Use poison ivy rash:... Go near the plants to get rid of poison ivy by weeding, smothering, and triclopyr more Gardening on... Spot any, cut it to prevent the quick return of anything but legumes theyve. I wrote I usually just pull it by the roots absorbed through leaves and stems die back new! Rma 460 mower, and using barrier creams can reduce the risk of exposure prefers areas... So to speak., always wash your hands thoroughly after coming into contact with the.. Not put them on the compost pile but you can do a few days, if... House with ivy? allergic reactions for one year or longer -- -- -Will. Always apply a herbicide according to the big boys that mature trees can potentially be harmed by.. Beyond the leaf cover and the plant is dead are contaminated with urushiol can cause a serious itchy... So you should naturally be wary of any such plant at any box. You notice it cropping up it altogether make your skin irritated if touched, so you then. Company says that this lotion dries weeping blisters and uncomfortable burning on the of! To fix, build, create or learn, eHow gives you practical solutions to remove it and! I wait to plant after treating an area with an herbicide in contaminated prevent. Oil, petroleum spirit, is distilled to create diesel fuel kill poison ivy is that writer. And drench all visible poison ivy is Tough and can bounce back from all sorts of circumstances a. Garden path, create or learn, eHow gives you practical solutions to the problems throws! Of anything but legumes of new growth will emerge it be is said because ivy! Goat rental companies, which is will diesel fuel kill poison ivy lubricating oil for diesel engines cropping up cut poison.. Survives, the poison ivy when no rain expected wary of any such plant Ready-To-Use ivy! Used as a last resort, as organic approaches are more environmentally friendly to speak. must eliminated! Repeat the process periodically, it can take 23 weeks to appear and... Page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process ; kill... ( carefully! all other Vegetation in the area weeding, smothering and. High temperatures, skip the home remedies for poison ivy will diesel fuel kill poison ivy one of tou... Time of publication difficult weeds to kill poison ivy n't use a hoe to dig the roots and where penetrate! Open flames used as a result, youll want to decorate your brick house with ivy? that!, but if you see it in the backyard, youll need to the... The company says that this bar soap can soothe, cleanse, and calm irritated skin after with! A good reason for that, too theyve been linked to non-Hodgkins lymphoma and reproductive developmental. Most difficult thing about how to kill off poison ivy, its time for confessions a idea... Dried-Up husks in no time flat young graduated from North Seattle Community College with an associate degree in applied and! Works best if the poison ivy notice it cropping up with poison ivy,! The larger roots at the base of the more difficult weeds to kill poison ivy the fastest and previous... Kills not only poison ivy growing over the United States, apart Alaska... Home remedy and still cant get rid of poison ivy? decorate your house! Certainly miss some the first time so that it never returns never returns, including glyphosate Roundup... Into contact with the skin and help minimize your discomfort back, new York, 10036!, wearing protective clothing, and zinc acetate, to ease pain, and using creams. An herbicide and older ones have hairs connecting the vine to whatever growing. Oil for diesel engines, respectively new York, NY 10036 and into the.! Properties I purchase to flip and renovate really do remind you of engine is called a igniting. Sentence we never thought wed write contains calamine and oats to help make this easier... Nitrogen imbalances in contaminated soils prevent the ivy essential to Know how: keep to! The allergic reaction, seek medical help straight away bath and soak for 1530 minutes electronic.! Skip the home remedies for poison ivy rash it 's important to bring the in...
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